| Patterson et al. (2019) | Pinus edulis (Colorado pinyon) | Flagstaff, AZ | AZ | 1902 m | EMF community structure; Seedling growth | Inherited plant traits strongly influence microbial communities, interacting with drought to affect seedling performance. These interactions and their potential feedback effects may influence the success of trees, such as P. edulis, in future climates. |
| Borgman et al. (2015) | Pinus flexilis (limber pine) | Green-house | CO; NM; WY | 2425 m - 3341 m | Primary needle length; Stem diameter; Water potential; Biomass allocation between root and shoot; carbon isotope ratios | Local adaptation, seedlings from southern sources are bigger than seedlings from northern sources. |
| Hess and Fule (2020) | Pinus leiophylla (Chihuahua pine); Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) | Heber, AZ | AZ | 2000 m-2500 m | Growth rate | Pinus leiophylla is less sensitive to climate and resprouts |
| Dixit et al. (2020) | Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) | AZ | AZ; NM | 1600m-2088 m | Budburst date | Low- and middle-elevation provenances break bud sooner than high-elevation provenances. |
| Dixit and Kolb (2020) | Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) | Green-house | AZ; NM | <2000m; 2000-2500m; >2500m | Spring budburst phenology; Growth; Structural traits | Adaptation of low-elevation provenances to warm spring temperatures (early budburst) and aridity (low specific leafarea), inherently faster growth of provenances from wet locations, and a greater allocation to shoots in eastern provenances. |
| Dixit (2021) | Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) | Flagstaff, AZ | AZ; NM | 1930 m; 2200 m; 2780 m | Variations in survival; Growth; Budburst Phenology; Drought-adapted morphological and physiological traits | Adaptation of low elevation provenances to aridity (as indicated by a lower specific leaf area), faster growth of provenances from wet locations, and greater allocation to roots in western provenances |
| Dixit et al. (2021) | Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) | AZ, UT | AZ, NM | 1930 m; 2200 m; 2780 m | Early survival; Growth; Carbon isotope discrimination | At the hot and dry low-elevation site, provenances from low-elevations survived longer than provenances from mid- and high-elevations, which suggests greater drought tolerance of low-elevation provenances |
| Dixit et al. (2022) | Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) | Northern AZ | AZ; NM | N/A | Stem growth rate; Leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C); Leaf nitrogen concentration; Leaf-level gas exchange; Instantaneous water use efficiency; Predawn and midday water potentials; Soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance; Specific leaf area | Provenances from warmer sites had lower growth rate and Δ13C (higher water use efficiency) than provenances from cooler sites during the driest year |
| Kolb et al. (2016) | Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) | AZ | AZ | 1700 m; 2200 m; 2700 m | Growth; Drought-adaptive structural traits (e.g., wood specific gravity, shoot-root ratio, and specific leaf area); Survival | Ponderosa pine seedlings from low-elevation, drier seed sources in northern Arizona had a more drought-adapted architecture (lower shoot-root ratio) and longer survival of experimentally induced drought in the greenhouse than high-elevation, wetter sources |
| Howe et al. (2019) | Populus tremuloides (aspen) | Green-house | NM; UT | N/A | Growth; Root-to-stem ratio; Carbohydrate and nutrient sequestration | Seedlings from UT and NM differ significantly from Canadian-sourced seedlings developing smaller root-to-stem ratios and sequestering less carbohydrate and nutrient reserves. The UT and NM seedlings also differed from each other; the NM seedlings grew larger than the UT seedlings. |
| Moler et al. (2021) | Pinus strobiformis (White Pine) | Green-house | San Francisco Peaks Northern AZ | N/A | Seedling morphology; Physiology and mycorrhizal nodulation in response to experimental cone warming | Notable effect sizes of cone-warming were detected for seedling root length, shoot length, and diameter at root collar using Cohen’s Local f 2. Root length was affected most by cone-warming, but the effect sizes of cone-warming on root length and diameter at root collar became negligible after the frst year of growth. Cone-warming had small but significant effects on mycorrhizal fungal richness and seedling multispectral near-infrared indices indicative of plant health. |